Evaluación de la Cultura Exportadora en las PYMEs Colombianas: Una Mirada al PFE
| Autor | Jaime Humberto Sierra González |
| Cargo | Master's in Economics Business and Finance Internationalization from Università di Roma 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy, 1999; Master's in Economics from Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia, 1996 |
| Páginas | 99-134 |
99
Cuad. Adm. Bogotá (Colombia), 22 (39): 99-134, julio-diciembre de 2009
* An earlier version of this paper was presented at the First European - Latin American - Caribbean International Mana-
gement Conference “European and Latin American - Caribbean Strategic Partnerships: Unleashing the Potential” held
in Monterrey, Mexico October 15-17, 2008. The article was received on 30-03-2009 and was approved for publication
on 19-10-2009.
** Master’s in Economics Business and Finance Internationalization from Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy,
1999; Master’s in Economics from Ponticia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia, 1996; Diploma in International
Relations from Academia Diplomática de San Carlos, Bogotá, Colombia, 1993; BS in Education – Major in Spanish
and English from Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia, 1989. Associate Professor and
Researcher at the Ponticia Universidad Javeriana School of Economics and Administration Sciences. Co-director of
the research group CINNCO (Conocimiento, Innovación, Competitividad). E-mail: jhsierra@javeriana.edu.co.
Assessing exporting
Culture in ColombiAn smes:
A look At the export
promotion progrAm (epp)*
Jaime Humberto Sierra González**
100
Jaime Humberto Sierra González
Cuad. Adm. Bogotá (Colombia), 22 (39): 99-134, julio-diciembre de 2009
Assessing Exporting
Culture in Colombian
SMEs: A Look at the
Export Promotion
Program (EPP)
AbstrAct
This paper makes an assessment of the Colombian Export Promotion Program
(EPP). The process and the results of such a program are considered in the light
of the literature on international strategy and exporting culture in developed and
developing countries. Literature ndings on EPAs and EPPs around the world are
complemented by information from two surveys, one applied to a set of 56 rms that
took part in the EPP (2002-2004) and the other addressed at a group of consultants
hired by program operators to support rms. The information obtained permits the
characterization of program participants (rms, entrepreneurs/managers, operators,
consultants) and a deep appraisal of the processes and methodologies implemented
by the program, as well as the acknowledgement of the participants’ perceptions on
the expectations and the outcomes reached. Finally, some reections are made on
the accomplishments and shortfalls of the program, a number of rm and program-
level proposals for improvement are advanced, and some future research avenues
are suggested in order to deepen the discussion on exporting/internationalization
culture and its importance for developing and developed economies.
Key words:
Exporting culture, international strategy, systemic competitiveness, organizational
capabilities.
Evaluación de la cultura
exportadora en las pymes
colombianas: una mirada
al Programa de Fomento a
las Exportaciones (PFE)
resumen
El artículo evalúa el Programa de Fomento a las Exportaciones (PFE) de Colombia.
Su proceso y resultados se analizan a la luz de la literatura consultada sobre estra-
tegia internacional y cultura exportadora en países desarrollados y en desarrollo. Los
resultados acerca de organismos de fomento a las exportaciones y PFE alrededor del
mundo se complementan con la información de dos encuestas: la primera, aplicada
a un grupo de 56 empresas que tomaron parte en el PFE (2002-2004), y la segun-
da, llevada a cabo con un grupo de consultores contratados por los operadores del
PFE para asesorar a las empresas. La información obtenida permitió caracterizar a
los participantes (empresas, emprendedores/gerentes, operadores del programa,
consultores) y revisar profundamente los procesos y metodologías implementados,
así como reconocer las percepciones de los participantes sobre sus expectativas
y logros alcanzados. Finalmente, se presentan algunas reexiones acerca de los
alcances y limitaciones del programa, se adelantan algunas propuestas de mejora-
miento y se plantean algunas líneas de investigación futura, respecto de la cultura
exportadora y la internacionalización y de su importancia para las economías de-
sarrolladas y en desarrollo.
Palabras clave:
cultura exportadora, estrategia internacional, competitividad sistémica, habilidades
organizacionales.
Avaliando a cultura
exportadora nas PME
colombianas: um olhar
sobre o Programa de
Promoção de Exportações
(PPE)
resumo
Este artigo faz uma avaliação do Programa de Promoção de Exportações (PPE) co-
lombianas. O processo e os resultados de um programa deste tipo são considerados
à luz da literatura sobre a estratégia internacional e cultura exportadora em países
desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Achados da literatura sobre os APE e os PPE
em todo o mundo são complementados por informações dos dois estudos, um apli-
cado a um conjunto de 56 empresas que participaram do PPE (2002-2004) e outro
dirigido a um grupo de consultores contratados pelo programa para as empresas
operadoras de apoio. A informação obtida permite a caracterização dos participan-
tes do programa (empresas, empresários/gestores, operadores, consultores) e uma
avaliação profunda dos processos e metodologias implementadas pelo programa,
bem como o reconhecimento das percepções dos participantes sobre as expectati-
vas e os resultados alcançados. Finalmente, são feitas algumas reexões sobre as
realizações e as deciências do programa, um número de empresas e um programa
de propostas de melhoria são de nível avançado, e algumas pesquisas futuras são
sugeridos a m de aprofundar a discussão sobre a exportação/internacionalização
da cultura e sua importância para o desenvolvimento e as economias desenvolvidas.
Palavras chave:
cultura exportadora, estratégia internacional, competitividade sistêmica,
capacidades organizacionais.
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aSSeSSinG exportinG Culture in Colombian SmeS: a look at tHe export promotion proGram (epp)
Cuad. Adm. Bogotá (Colombia), 22 (39): 99-134, julio-diciembre de 2009
Introduction
Colombian exportation of goods and services
as a share of the GDP at current prices ranged
from 14.5% to 21.5% in the 1994 to 2005
period and showed an average of 18.9% for
the 1996-2005 decade. The trend was stable
until 1998 when a rather large upsurge ele-
vated the share, which stabilized once again
from 2001 on (Figure 1).
The main export products were oil, coffee,
coal, and other products such as emeralds and
gold. Travel services, ICT-related services,
and transportation services were the most
important export services. During the period
from 1994 to 2006, the net balance of the cu-
rrent account was rather erratic and almost
always reected a decit. This was due to
the fact that the net balance for services was
always negative during that period and that
the net balance for goods was negative until
1999 and then it became positive although
irregular from 2000 to 2006 (Figure 2).
Imports and exports have followed a very si-
milar pattern with lower export values than
import values until 1998. However, there was
a reversal of that relation from 1999 on, even
though the values remained quite close. Not-
withstanding, the net balance of transfers was
always positive and increased steadily from
1998 on whereas factor-related revenues we-
re always negative during the period (Figure
3 and Figure 4).
Figure 1
Exports as a Share of the Colombian GDP
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
%
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Exports as share of GDP
Source: Prepared by the author based on data from DANE (2008).
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